Introduction

Cyprus stands out as a business hub, celebrated for its strategic position within the European Union, a well-educated workforce, and a transparent regulatory framework. Cyprus also offers significant advantages for businesses, including a fairly favorable and stable tax system and stable political environment. Partnerships in Cyprus are a flexible and practical business structure, regulated by the General and Limited Partnership and Business Names Law (Cap. 116), which is based on the English Partnership Act 1890 and the Limited Partnership Act 1907.

This guide offers a detailed, step-by-step approach to register a partnership in Cyprus, analyzing all the types of partnerships provided for, while also mentioning the tax treatment of Partnerships in Cyprus and making a detailed comparison between the creation of a Partnership or a Cyprus Company.

What is a Partnership?

A partnership is a business arrangement in which two or more individuals or legal entities agree to conduct business together for the purpose of making profit. In Cyprus, partnership does not have separate legal personality from its partners. This means that the partners are fully or partially responsible for the debts and obligations of the partnership, depending on their role in the partnership.

Why Create a Partnership in Cyprus?

• Flexibility: Partnerships offer flexible management structures compared to Cyprus Companies. General partners can run the business, while limited partners contribute capital but are not involve in day-to-day operations.
• Shared Liability: In general partnerships, the liability is shared among all partners, while in limited partnerships, only the general partner has unlimited liability, offering protection to limited partners.
• Tax Efficiency: Partnerships benefit from pass-through taxation, where profits are taxed as personal income for the partners, thus avoiding corporate tax. This feature makes partnerships especially beneficial for tax planning.
• Simplified Compliance: Partnerships face fewer regulatory requirements than companies, with simpler bookkeeping and auditing requirements for smaller partnerships.

Legal Framework for Partnerships in Cyprus

Partnerships in Cyprus are governed by the General and Limited Partnership and Business Names Law (Cap. 116). This Law defines a partnership as “a relationship between persons who agree to carry on business in common with a view of profit”. Although the partnership agreement creates a legal obligation among the partners, a partnership in Cyprus is not regarded as a separate legal entity, in contrast to a company.

The General and Limited Partnership and Business Names Law (Cap. 116) sets out specific legal criteria for a valid partnership, and namely:

1. The partnership must engage in a business, which can include trade, a profession, or any commercial activity.
2. The partnership should operate with the goal of generating profits.
3. The partnership must consist of at least two partners (corporate entities or individuals). If the partnership is conducting banking activities then the maximum number of partners is 10.

Types of Partnerships in Cyprus

There are three primary types of partnerships in Cyprus, each with distinct legal implications concerning liability and management.

General Partnership (GP)

In a General Partnership, every partner has equal responsibility for the business’s debts and obligations. The liability is unlimited, which means that personal assets of each partner can be used to cover any partnership debts. As stated in Cap. 116, general partners are jointly and severally liable for all obligations that arise while they are partners. This liability continues even after a partner retires, covering any debts that were incurred during their time in the partnership.

• Management: In a general partnership, all partners are actively involved in managing and running the business. Each partner serves as an agent of the firm and has the power to make decisions that can legally bind the partnership.
• Joint Liability: Every partner is fully responsible for the partnership’s debts, which means that creditors can seek the total amount owed from any individual partner.
• Post-Death Liability: Even after a partner passes away, their estate may still be liable for the partnership’s debts until the estate is resolved.

This structure works well for partnerships where all members are ready to share risks and responsibilities. However, the aspect of unlimited liability can be a major concern for those looking to protect their personal assets.

Limited Partnership (LP)

A Limited Partnership in Cyprus requires at least one general partner with unlimited liability and one or more limited partners whose liability is limited to their capital contributions. This arrangement is ideal for investors looking to provide funding without getting involved in the daily operations of the business.

• General Partner: The general partner is responsible for managing the business and bears full responsibility for all liabilities of the partnership.
• Limited Partner: Limited partners contribute capital but do not take part in management. If a limited partner engages in management activities, they risk losing their limited liability status and may be considered a general partner.

As per Cap. 116, limited partners must specify their contributions in the partnership agreement. The law safeguards them by capping their liability to their contributions, as long as they do not participate in managing the business.

Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) – Partnership Limited by Shares

The Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) structure was introduced more recently to offer a hybrid option that combines elements of both a partnership and a company. In an LLP, the partners’ liability is limited to their investment, similar to how shareholders are protected in a limited liability company.

• Liability: Partners in an LLP are not personally responsible for the partnership’s debts beyond their capital contribution. This arrangement provides greater protection compared to traditional partnerships.

Under Cap. 116, an LLP benefits from flexible management similar to a traditional partnership, while also enjoying the added security of limited liability for its members. The LLP structure is particularly favored by professional firms, such as lawyers and accountants, who want to minimize personal liability.

Step-by-Step Process for Setting Up a Partnership in Cyprus

Decide on the Type of Partnership

The first and most crucial step is to determine the type of partnership that best fits your business objectives::

• General Partnership (GP): This is ideal for businesses where all partners desire equal control and are ready to take on full liability.
• Limited Partnership (LP): This option works well when some partners want to invest without managing the business, thus limiting their liability.
• Limited Liability Partnership (LLP): This is best for professionals or investors looking for limited liability while sharing management responsibilities.

Choose the Name of the Partnership

The next step involves selecting a name for the partnership. The name must receive approval from the Cyprus Registrar of Companies and should not be similar to any existing registered name or trademark.

• Submit Application for Name Approval: This can be completed online through the e-filing system. The fee for name approval is €10, and if you want to speed up the process, an additional €20 fee is required.

Once approved, the name will be reserved for six months, providing you with sufficient time to move forward with the registration.

Draft the Partnership Agreement

While not mandatory, having a well-crafted Partnership Agreement is strongly advised. This legal document specifies the rights, duties, and responsibilities of each partner, along with important business decisions.

The agreement should include:

• The business name and address.
• The type of partnership and roles of each partner.
• Capital contributions and profit-sharing ratios.
• Rules for decision-making and dispute resolution.
• Procedures for admitting new partners or dissolving the partnership.

This agreement is essential for preventing future conflicts and ensuring the smooth operation of the partnership.

Register the Partnership

Once the name is approved and the partnership agreement is finalized, the next step is to register the partnership with the Cyprus Registrar of Companies. This registration must occur within one month of establishing the partnership.

The required documents include:

• Partnership Registration Form: This form provides details about the partners (both general and limited), the business activities of the partnership, the registered office, and the start date.
• Solemn Declaration: A statement from a witness confirming the authenticity of the partners’ signatures.
• Fees: The registration fee is €120, with an optional €40 fee for expedited processing.

After successful registration, a Certificate of Incorporation will be issued, serving as proof of the partnership’s legal existence.

Register with the Tax Department

Every partnership is required to register with the Cyprus Tax Department within 60 days of incorporation. This process includes:

• Applying for a Tax Identification Number (TIN) for the partnership.
• Registering for VAT if the annual turnover is expected to exceed €15,600.
• Registering for Social Insurance if the partnership has employees.

Compliance and Financial Obligations

In Cyprus, all partnerships are required to keep accurate books of accounts. General partners hold the responsibility for ensuring that the partnership adheres to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and submits annual financial statements when necessary.

• Annual Returns: Partnerships with general partners that are companies must file an annual return, which includes the partnership’s financial statements, with the Registrar of Companies within six months after the end of the financial year.
• Audited Accounts: Partnerships with a turnover exceeding €70,000 are required to have their accounts audited by a certified auditor. These financial statements must comply with IFRS and clearly reflect the partnership’s financial position.

Dissolution of a Partnership

A partnership can be dissolved for various reasons, such as:

• Expiration of the partnership agreement: If the partnership was formed for a specific duration.
• Mutual Agreement: If all partners consent to dissolve the partnership.
• Death or Bankruptcy of a general partner.
• Court Order: In cases of misconduct or when the partnership cannot continue its operations.

Upon dissolution, the partnership must settle its debts, distribute any remaining assets, and inform the Registrar of Companies.

Taxation of Partnerships in Cyprus

As mentioned above, in Cyprus, partnerships are not considered separate taxable entities under tax law. Instead, each partner is taxed individually on their portion of the partnership’s profits. The partnership itself does not pay corporate tax; rather, each partner must report their share of the profits on their personal tax returns

• Personal Income Tax: Partners are taxed according to their individual share of the profits at the standard personal income tax rates in Cyprus.

Differences Between Partnerships and Companies in Cyprus

Advantages and Disadvantages of Partnerships

Advantages:

• Flexible structure: Partnerships are straightforward to set up and manage, requiring fewer formalities.
• Pass-through taxation: Each partner is taxed individually, which can lead to lower overall tax burdens.
• Easy dissolution: Partnerships can be dissolved more easily than companies, particularly if they were formed for a specific project or limited duration.

Disadvantages:

• Unlimited liability for general partners: In a general partnership, partners are personally responsible for the business’s debts.
• Limited life: Partnerships may dissolve upon the death or bankruptcy of a general partner.
• Less credibility: Partnerships are often perceived as less credible than corporations, especially by larger businesses or international clients.

Conclusion

Partnerships in Cyprus provide a practical and adaptable business framework, ideal for entrepreneurs, professionals, and investors looking for shared management or liability protection. By familiarizing yourself with the legal requirements set out in Cap. 116 and adhering to the necessary steps, you can effectively establish and manage a partnership in Cyprus.

Our legal team at Polycarpos Philippou & Associates LLC is prepared to support you with every aspect of partnership formation, ensuring complete compliance with Cyprus law while optimizing your business structure for both tax and legal efficiency.