Czy AI może zastąpić prawnika przy sporządzaniu testamentu? Ryzyka, które każdy klient powinien znać

AI tools such as ChatGPT have made it easier than ever to generate documents quickly and cheaply, including wills. But can AI actually replace a lawyer in estate planning? Under Cyprus law, the answer is no. A will is far more than a written list of wishes. It must meet strict legal requirements, account for forced heirship rules, and often deal with assets in more than one country.

What AI can do

AI can produce basic will templates and provide general information about estate planning. If you want a starting point to understand what goes into a will (appointing executors, listing assets, naming beneficiaries), AI tools can help.

But that is where their usefulness ends. A template is not a legal document, and general information is not legal advice.

The legal complexity of wills in Cyprus

Under Cyprus law (Wills and Succession Law, Cap. 195), a will must comply with specific formalities to be valid and enforceable. These include requirements for execution and witnessing. If not properly followed, the will can be declared invalid by the court.

Forced heirship

Cyprus succession law includes forced heirship rules that restrict how freely a person can distribute their estate. Up to 75% of the estate may be reserved for the spouse and children, leaving only 25% at the testator's discretion. An AI-generated will that ignores these provisions may produce outcomes that are legally unenforceable or contrary to the testator's actual intentions.

For a full explanation, see our guide on creating a will in Cyprus.

Cross-border estates

Many individuals in Cyprus hold assets in multiple countries. Cross-border estate planning requires analysis of:

• Conflict-of-law rules (including the Brussels IV Succession Regulation)
• Tax implications in each jurisdiction
• How different legal systems interact with each other
• Whether separate wills are needed for assets in different countries

AI tools cannot assess how these factors apply to a specific person's situation. For individuals with assets in both Cyprus and the UK, for example, two separate wills are often necessary.

The risks of relying on AI

Using AI for will drafting carries specific risks:

• Nieważne testamenty z powodu braku zgodności z wymaganiami dotyczącymi wykonania i świadków
• Niejasne sformułowania, które prowadzą do sporów między beneficjentami
• Brak uwzględnienia przymusowego dziedziczenia, co sprawia, że części testamentu są niewykonalne
• Niewystarczające planowanie aktywów międzynarodowych, prowadzące do sprzecznych zobowiązań prawnych
• Zwiększone prawdopodobieństwo opóźnień w postępowaniu spadkowym i sporów po śmierci testatora

Unlike a qualified lawyer, AI does not exercise legal judgment. It cannot tailor advice to an individual's personal circumstances, family structure, or financial position.

Real-world consequences

An improperly drafted will typically only comes to light after the testator's death, when it is too late to correct errors. The consequences can include:

• Członkowie rodziny pozostający bez prawnego tytułu do dziedziczenia
• Kosztowne postępowania sądowe w celu ustalenia podziału majątku
• Niespełnienie życzeń zmarłego, ponieważ testament zostaje uznany za nieważny
• Aktywa przechodzące na podstawie zasad dziedziczenia ustawowego do krewnych, których testator nie zamierzał obdarować

What appears to be a cost-saving measure at the time of drafting can lead to far greater expense and distress for the family later. Understanding what happens when there is no valid will in Cyprus makes the stakes clear.

Where AI can be helpful

AI is not without value in estate planning. It can help individuals:

• Zrozumieć podstawowe pojęcia, takie jak wykonawcy, beneficjenci i postępowanie spadkowe
• Zidentyfikować pytania, które należy zadać swojemu prawnikowi
• Uzyskać przegląd tego, co obejmuje planowanie majątku przed umówieniem się na konsultację

When used this way, AI complements the legal process rather than replacing it.

Conclusion

A will is one of the most important legal documents a person will prepare. It determines how their estate is distributed and directly affects their family after they are gone.

AI tools offer convenience, but they cannot account for the formalities required under Cyprus law, forced heirship rules, or the complexity of cross-border estates. A valid, enforceable will requires the judgment and expertise of a qualified lawyer.

Philippou Law Firm helps individuals prepare valid wills and provides estate planning solutions tailored to their circumstances. To discuss your situation in confidence, contact us at probate@philippoulaw.com.